UAC-0188 | |
Other Names | From Russia With Love, FRwL |
Location | Russia |
Date of initial activity | 2022 |
Suspected attribution | Hactivist Group |
Government Affiliation | Unknown |
Motivation | Hacktivism |
Associated tools | Somnia Ransomware |
Software | Windows |
Overview
Critical Infrastructure: This includes essential systems and services that are vital for a country’s functioning, such as utilities (electricity, water), transportation systems, and communication networks.
Media Organizations: FRwL has targeted media entities, aiming to disrupt their operations and influence the dissemination of information.
Energy Sector: Their attacks have also focused on energy companies, which are crucial for powering homes, industries, and other critical sectors.
Government Entities: Government institutions and agencies are frequent targets, reflecting an interest in disrupting administrative functions and accessing sensitive information.
Attack Vectors
Phishing Emails
Remote Management Tools (e.g., SuperOps RMM)
Executable Files (e.g., SCR files created using PyInstaller)
Malicious Links (e.g., Dropbox links)
How they operate
The group’s attack vectors often involve phishing emails, which are crafted to deceive recipients into downloading malicious attachments. For instance, UAC-0188 has been known to use links to Dropbox that lead to the download of executable SCR files. These files, created using PyInstaller, contain Python code that is executed upon opening. The Python code then downloads additional components, including base64-encoded strings and ZIP archives, ultimately leading to the installation of SuperOps RMM on the victim’s machine. This process highlights the group’s ability to blend legitimate software with malicious intent, making their attacks particularly challenging to detect and mitigate.
In addition to their use of SuperOps RMM, UAC-0188’s tactics include employing various techniques to evade detection and maintain persistence. The group has been observed using system binary proxy execution methods, such as Msiexec, to mask their activities. They also employ command and control techniques, including web services and remote access software, to communicate with compromised systems and exfiltrate data. By leveraging these methods, UAC-0188 can operate stealthily while executing their operations.
MITRE Tactics and Techniques
Execution:
Command and Scripting Interpreter: Python (T1059.006)
Defense Evasion:
System Binary Proxy Execution: Msiexec (T1218.007)
Command and Control:
Web Service (T1102)
Remote Access Software (T1219)
Impact / Significant Attacks
Phishing Attack Against Ukraine (May 2024): UAC-0188 launched a targeted phishing attack against Ukrainian organizations using the SuperOps RMM tool. The attack involved sending phishing emails with links to Dropbox that led to the download of malicious SCR files. These files were used to install the legitimate SuperOps RMM software, allowing the attackers to gain unauthorized remote access to the compromised systems.
Exploitation of SuperOps RMM (February-March 2024): During this period, UAC-0188 utilized the SuperOps RMM tool to exploit vulnerabilities in remote management software. They created and distributed malicious files disguised as legitimate software to facilitate their attacks. This operation showcased their ability to blend legitimate tools with malicious code to evade detection.
Infection Flow Using PyInstaller (Ongoing): The group has been observed using PyInstaller to create executable files that contain both legitimate and malicious Python code. This technique involves embedding base64-encoded strings and ZIP archives within these files, which are then used to install SuperOps RMM on victim systems. This sophisticated method illustrates the group’s advanced approach to evading traditional security measures.
Targeting of Financial and Insurance Institutions: UAC-0188 has been linked to attacks on financial and insurance institutions across Europe and the USA. By leveraging phishing techniques and remote management tools, the group has expanded its geographical reach and targeted sectors crucial to economic stability.
