Head Mare, a Russian-focused hacktivist group, gained prominence in 2023 for targeting organizations in Russia and Belarus using phishing tactics. The group exploited a vulnerability in WinRAR, CVE-2023-38831, by distributing malicious files that allowed them to gain initial access to victim systems. Once inside, they deployed tools such as PhantomDL and PhantomCore, which communicated with command-and-control servers, gathered system information, and established persistence using registry keys and scheduled tasks. Their methods suggested a sophisticated understanding of malware distribution and system infiltration.
The attackers leveraged multiple evasion techniques to avoid detection, including disguising malicious software as legitimate programs and using obfuscation methods. They further employed open-source frameworks like Sliver and tools such as rsockstun and ngrok to pivot through compromised systems, enabling access to private network segments. Phishing campaigns using double-extension files were also a key tactic, tricking victims into executing malicious payloads and enabling the attackers to maintain prolonged access to networks.
Once inside the networks, Head Mare utilized the Mimikatz tool and XenAllPasswordPro to harvest credentials from compromised systems. The attackers deployed two ransomware variants, LockBit and Babuk, to encrypt files across the network. LockBit, which uses different versions like LockbitLite and LockbitHard, sequentially encrypted files, while Babuk, targeting ESXi systems, destroyed running virtual machines. Both ransomware variants left ransom notes demanding payment in exchange for data decryption, further disrupting operations within the targeted organizations.
Kaspersky Threat Intelligence analyzed the group’s operations, revealing connections between Head Mare’s tools and those of other ransomware groups, particularly LockBit. While the group distinguishes itself through custom-made malware and the exploitation of new vulnerabilities, its tactics align with other threat actors targeting Russia and Belarus. By identifying these similarities, cybersecurity researchers hope to develop effective strategies to mitigate future attacks by this hacktivist group.
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